Table 2

Crude and adjusted analyses of child's z score of weight-for-age (W/A), length or height-for-age (L/A or H/A), body mass index-for-age (BMI/A) and head circumference-for-age (HC/A) at each follow-up according to maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy, 1993 Pelotas cohort study

z Score	Crude coefficient (95% CI)	p Value	Adjusted coefficient (95% CI)	p Value
Maternal smoking
W/A at birth	−0.43 (−0.50 to −0.37)	<0.001	−0.28 (−0.34 to −0.22)^*	<0.001^†
3 months	−0.33 (−0.49 to −0.16)	<0.001	−0.13 (−0.31 to 0.04)^*	0.138
12 months	−0.18 (−0.31 to −0.05)	0.009	0.05 (−0.09 to 0.19)^*	0.472
48 months	−0.26 (−0.41 to −0.12)	<0.001	0.01 (−0.14 to 0.16)^*	0.902
L/A at birth	−0.45 (−0.52 to −0.38)	<0.001	−0.34 (−0.40 to −0.27)^*	<0.001^†
3 months	−0.61 (−0.80 to −0.42)	<0.001	−0.35 (−0.56 to −0.15)^*	0.001^†
12 months	−0.49 (−0.63 to −0.34)	<0.001	−0.20 (−0.35 to −0.05)^*	0.009^†
H/A at 48 months	−0.47 (−0.61 to −0.34)	<0.001	−0.21 (−0.35 to −0.08)^*	0.002^†
BMI/A at birth	−0.32 (−0.38 to −0.25)	<0.001	−0.19 (−0.25 to −0.12)^*	<0.001^†
3 months	0.04 (−0.14 to 0.22)	0.654	0.10 (−0.08 to 0.29)^*	0.278
12 months	0.14 (0.01 to 0.26)	0.032	0.23 (0.09 to 0.36)^*	0.001^†
48 months	0.02 (−0.13 to 0.16)	0.825	0.17 (0.02 to 0.32)^*	0.028^†
HC/A at birth	−0.39 (−0.46 to −0.32)	<0.001	−0.25 (−0.32 to −0.18)^*	<0.001^†
3 months	−0.33 (−0.51 to −0.15)	<0.001	−0.13 (−0.33 to 0.06)^*	0.173
12 months	−0.20 (−0.34 to −0.06)	0.005	−0.01 (−0.16 to 0.14)^*	0.906
Paternal smoking
W/A at birth	−0.16 (−0.23 to −0.10)	<0.001	−0.05 (−0.11 to 0.01)^‡	0.085^†
3 months	−0.23 (−0.40 to −0.07)	0.004	−0.09 (−0.25 to 0.07)^‡	0.285
12 months	−0.22 (−0.34 to −0.10)	0.001	−0.10 (−0.23 to 0.03)^‡	0.121
48 months	−0.26 (−0.40 to −0.13)	<0.001	−0.09 (−0.24 to 0.05)^‡	0.207
L/A at birth	−0.14 (−0.20 to −0.07)	<0.001	−0.01 (−0.08 to 0.05)^‡	0.711^†
3 months	−0.26 (−0.45 to −0.06)	0.009	−0.04 (−0.23 to 0.16)^‡	0.710^†
12 months	−0.28 (−0.43 to −0.13)	<0.001	−0.08 (−0.22 to 0.07)^‡	0.299^†
H/A at 48 months	−0.26 (−0.39 to −0.12)	<0.001	−0.03 (−0.16 to 0.11)^‡	0.706^†
BMI/A at birth	−0.14 (−0.21 to −0.08)	<0.001	−0.079 (−0.14 to −0.02)^‡	0.014^†
3 months	−0.11 (−0.27 to 0.05)	0.168	−0.087 (−0.25 to 0.08)^‡	0.298
12 months	−0.08 (−0.20 to 0.04)	0.184	−0.073 (−0.20 to 0.05)^‡	0.252^†
48 months	−0.14 (−0.28 to 0.01)	0.051	−0.092 (−0.24 to 0.05)^‡	0.216^†
HC/A at birth	−0.15 (−0.22 to −0.07)	<0.001	−0.04 (−0.11 to 0.02)^‡	0.215^†
3 months	−0.29 (−0.47 to −0.12)	0.001	−0.19 (−0.36 to −0.01)^‡	0.035
12 months	−0.20 (−0.33 to −0.07)	0.003	−0.09 (−0.22 to 0.05)^‡	0.212

↵* Adjusted for family income, marital status, schooling, age, skin colour, parity, height, body mass index (BMI), pregnancy duration and paternal smoking.
↵† χ² Test p<0.05 for difference between maternal and paternal coefficients in the adjusted analysis.
↵‡ Adjusted for family income, marital status, schooling, age, skin colour, parity, height, BMI, pregnancy duration and maternal smoking.